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露天煤矿开采常引发一系列的生态环境问题。本文以新疆典型高海拔寒旱矿区的黑山露天煤矿为例，详细分析了露天煤矿开采对植被生态的影响，并探讨了生态修复的限制性因子，以期为人工生态恢复提供前提和基础。通过综合运用数据收集、室内测试和遥感影像等多种手段，分析了矿区植被绿度的演变特征，并提出相应的生态恢复限制性因素。研究结果表明：黑山矿区植被覆盖度整体呈现显著增加趋势，但随着露天采坑和排土场面积的增加，裸地面积从开采前的9.6 km2增加至目前的14.65 km2，主要表现为低植被覆盖区向裸土区的转变，进一步增加了植被恢复的挑战。黑山露天矿具有高海拔、降水少、风速大、温度低的特点，其外界环境明显劣于东部草原露天矿区和晋陕蒙等地露天矿区。排土场表层覆土的碱解氮、全磷、有效磷、有机质等含量处于低至极低水平，pH值为8.77～8.8，呈碱性，不利于植被的生长和恢复。矿坑涌水总体呈现出夏季水量大、冬季水量小的特点，年平均涌水量为68万m3，在年产量为1 000万t时，为了满足生产、生活和生态用水，仍缺少水源54.06万m3。通过对高海拔寒旱地区露天煤矿生态环境现状的全面分析，揭示了影响植被恢复的关键因素，为黑山露天煤矿的生态恢复提供了科学依据，也为其他类似矿区的生态修复提供了参考。
Abstract：Open-pit coal mining often triggers a series of ecological and environmental issues. Taking the Heishan open-pit coal mine, a typical high-altitude cold-arid mining area in Xinjiang, as an example, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the impact of open-pit coal mining on vegetation ecology and explores the limiting factors for ecological restoration, aiming to provide a foundation and basis for artificial ecological recovery. By comprehensively utilizing methods such as data collection, laboratory testing, and remote sensing imagery, the evolution characteristics of vegetation greenness in the mining area were analyzed, and corresponding limiting factors for ecological restoration were proposed. The results show that the vegetation coverage in the Heishan mining area exhibited a significant overall increasing trend. However, with the expansion of the open-pit mining area and dump sites, the bare land area increased from 9.6 km2 before mining to 14.65 km2 at present, primarily due to the transformation of low vegetation coverage areas into bare soil zones, which further intensified the challenges for vegetation restoration. The Heishan open-pit mine is characterized by high altitude, low precipitation, strong wind, and low temperature, with environmental conditions markedly inferior to those of open-pit mines in eastern grassland regions and areas such as Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia. The surface soil of the dump sites exhibited low to extremely low levels of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, organic matter, and other nutrients, with a pH value ranging from 8.77 to 8.8, indicating alkalinity unfavorable for vegetation growth and restoration. Mine water inflow generally showed higher volumes in summer and lower volumes in winter, with an annual average inflow of 680 000 m3. At an annual production capacity of 10 million tons, there remains a water shortage of 540 600 m3 to meet production, domestic, and ecological water demands. Through a comprehensive analysis of the ecological and environmental conditions of open-pit coal mines in highaltitude cold-arid regions, this study reveals key factors affecting vegetation restoration, providing a scientific basis for the ecological restoration of the Heishan open-pit coal mine and offering references for ecological rehabilitation in other similar mining areas.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:X171.4
引用信息:
[1]闫瑞兵,苏佩东.高海拔寒旱露天矿区生态恢复限制性因素分析[J].矿冶,2026,35(01):35-41.
基金信息:
煤矿开采水资源保护与利用全国重点实验室基金资助项目(NICE_RD_2023_139号)